After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, elijah found he couldn't sleep well, drank more alcohol, and smoked more cigarettes than he had prior to the attacks. the behaviors have had a negative impact on his health and are a(n) effect of his stress.

The behaviors have had a negative impact on his health and are "indirect" effect of his stress.

Explanation:

September 11, 2001 considered as black day for United States resulted from the four integrated terrorist attacks by Islamic terrorist group “Al-Qaeda”. As Muslim community became highlighted due to this attack and its consequences hence their livelihood got affected in different ways. Thus Elijah was under huge pressure and terror which forced him to consume more brain soothing materials like alcohol and cigarettes to avoid such feelings. Improper sleep was also big factor behind stress which made him to get attracted more towards drugs.