In a set of studies, ivan pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog’s tongue. the vinegar made the dog salivate. after several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. in these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?
a) touch to the body
b) vinegar to the tongue
c) salivation to the vinegar
d) salivation to the touch
e) time interval between touch and vinegar

Recall this unit’s essential question: what are the benefits and risks of interdependence? provide examples as evidence from your studies to explain two benefits and two risks of interdependence.

Dr. laguardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. he conducts a quasi-experimental study in which he examines football players before and after the regular season using the benton facial recognition test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. he finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the benton facial recognition test than did players who did not experience which of the following is true regarding external validity in dr.laguardia's study? a. because dr. laguardia selected participants who actually experienced concussions, the study b. because dr. laguardia's study is a quasi-experiment, it is impossible to obtain c. because dr. laguardia's dependent variable was assessed in the laboratory, the study d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

Read this passage. anita was in her room listening to music as she styled her hair. her mom walked in and asked, “where are you going? ” “to a friend’s party,” anita replied. “i didn’t give you permission to go to a party. you will be staying home tonight,” her mom commanded, and she left the room. anita clenched her teeth, and her eyes watered as she slammed the door behind her mom. based on the details in the passage, the reader can infer that anita most likely will go to the party anyway. will be punished for slamming the door. is keeping a secret from her mom. is angry with her mom.