An older adult client has stopped going out with friends because the client has been experiencing urinary incontinence and is afraid of having an "accident" in public. when the client's child asks the client about it, the client says, "i'm getting too old for such foolishness." the client's child encourages the client to go to the client's provider for an evaluation, but the client refuses to do so. what is occurring with this older adult?

Dr. robbins wants to know if there are different opinions regarding the value of public school education between native americans who have at least one relative who attended indian boarding school and native americans who have no family experience with indian boarding school. dr. robbins contacts 35 native american participants in each group. he wants each group to include younger as well as older adults, and a mix of male and female participants. he asks each person to complete a survey about their attitudes toward public education. the design of this study is: