In expectancy theory, valence is

a. the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
b. the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.
c. any consequence resulting from performance.
d. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
e. indirectly correlated with motivation.

D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.    

Explanation:

Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.

The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.

Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.

Hence the correct option is (D).

1. state-issued photo ids. provide them for free for those who can't afford them.

2. the system we have seems to be working nearly perfectly. seems like about 31 cases per billion votes cast

3. the national policy for hiring new employees which requires proof of eligibility to work. there are something like 20 types of identification which can be used for this.