Which of the studies described below would not be considered a type of narrative research?

a. this study describes characteristics of the population of at-risk students who attend a large urban elementary school.
b. this study is a history of the researcher's life written by the researcher as he describes becoming a new principal.
c. this study addresses the personal life experiences of a new teacher as she starts her first year of college teaching.
d. this study collects the stories of native american children as they participate in the extracurricular activities of the school on the reservation.