Wei-chin designed a self-report inventory to measure how intimate partners express affection and hostility toward each other. the inventory is a list of positive behaviors (e. g., back rubs, holding hands) and negative behaviors (e. g., slamming doors, raising voices). after a wide range of couples completed the inventory, wei-chin found that happy couples endorsed all the affection items and unhappy couples endorsed all the hostile items. which of the following problems prevents wei-chin from concluding that happy couples exchange more affectionate behaviors than unhappy couples?

This question is incomplete, here´s the complete question.

Wei-Chin designed a self-report inventory to measure how intimate partners express affection and hostility toward each other. The inventory is a list of positive behaviors (e.g., back rubs, holding hands) and negative behaviors (e.g., slamming doors, raising voices). After having a wide range of couples complete the inventory, Wei-Chin finds that happy couples endorse all the affection items and unhappy couples endorse all the hostile items. Which of the following problems prevents him from concluding that happy couples exchange more affectionate behaviors than unhappy couples?

1. sentiment override

2. item-overlap problem

3. correlation does not imply causation

4. social desirability effect

3. Correlation does not imply causation.

Explanation:

Correlation is a statistical technique that evaluates how much two variables are linearly related, meaning they change together. However, two variables being correlated does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. Causation states that any change in a variable will cause a change in another variable.

The fact that happy couples endorsed all the positive behaviors, and unhappy couples the negative ones, shows that there´s a correlation, but it doesn't necessarily mean that unhappiness causes couples to exchange more negative behaviors, or vice-versa.

answer:

d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

the widely used measure that he applied to his experiment was the benton facial recognition test. it employed on to football players and as result, only players who suffered brain concussions did not pas this test. and although it has an external validity, it is limited because it isn't general to apply to other population.