Which of these trends contributed significantly to the political fragmentation of europe in the tenth and eleventh centuries?

Vikings raids and settlement.

Explanation: Although there was no specific date as to when the vikings were raiding in the regions of the Baltic sea and Eastern Europe, they are thought to may have begun even before the raids in the West. The Swedish vikings expanded across the territory of the Baltic sea, they established trading emporia coupled with settlements through their raiding alone the river.