According to kohlberg, what level of moral development is marked by behavior based on external cues (i. e., avoiding punishment)?

After having your fifteenth candy bar we can assess that you would have? a. negative utility b. high utility c. low utility d. a sixteenth candy bar

17 points! ! (explain your answer)

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?