Neighbor fred built a retaining wall that was 2 feet outside his property line. what has fred created?

a. a deed restriction
b. a license violation
c. an encroachment
d. a zoning exemption

c. An encroachment

Explanation:

Fred created an encroachment into his neighbours property. Encroachment in real estate occurs when a property owner violates the property right of a neighbour by building into his or her land.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.