According to kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the
attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) morality.
a. egocentric
b. conventional
c. preconventional
d. concrete operational
e. postconventional

The answer is c. preconventional level.

Explanation:

During this level, the first according to Kholberg's structure, children have not yet developed their own sense of morality. Instead, they act based on immediate consequences (punishments or rewards).

Specifically, this would be the first stage of the level, called "obedience and punishment". Later, a child might learn that different people have different morals ("individualism and exchange").

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