Ibelieve that i own a very valuable vase. i tell this to you and state that i will sell it to you for $800. i sell the vase to you, and you later find out that the vase is worth only $200. a fraud: a. has occurred. b.ordinarily has not occurred. c.always can be based upon a statement of opinion or value. d.none of the above

b.ordinarily has not occurred

Explanation:

A fraud has not occurred because the seller valued it based on his experience to be worth $800. He did not falsely claim it was $800, it was just a personal valuation. A fraud would have occurred if the seller gave an intentional false valuation just to get a higher price but that is not the case in this situation.

the answer would be in this answer. someone already asked the question.  

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.