Minority groups in the united states have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white americans, even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that exclude minority individuals from home ownership. this is an example of discrimination. a. illegal
b. intentional
c. past-in-present
d. mean-spirited

C. Past-in-present

Explanation:

The lot of minority groups has improved significantly in the United States in past hundred years as many forms of open discrimination against minority groups have disappear and are frown upon. However, the past-in-present form of discrimination still persist, it describes now abolished discriminatory practices of the past that continues to have consequences in the present. A good example are wealth gap due largely to housing policies that exclude minority individuals from home ownership in the past.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.