Procedures that allow researchers to rule out certain explanations for results other than the hypotheses they wish to test are referred to as procedures.

Control

Explanation:

Control procedures are the use of standard condition that differs from the one of interest. They are consistent procedures in giving directions in scoring data gotten in order to control all of the participant variable involved. This is done so as to elicit same information from all the participant in the same way so as not to distort the experiment. This control procedure is used as a baseline to assess and examine other groups.

i only have part a but here is the first one: - lewis and clark are born

- lewis marries sacajawea and clark is jealous  

- clark drowns lewis and then goes to jail

a family can go through many changes which would make it complex. having children can cause a change and increase the complexity. this would change the distribution of authority and management, as the older siblings will at some point be in charge of the younger ones, and discipline must be distributed when they get in trouble.