What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?

Artifacts

Explanation:

Artifacts are the components that are disrupt the external validity or internal validity of result in any research.Artifacts tend to modify or change the authenticity of participant and equipment involved in research field with their presence.

Impact of artifacts can also be influential to understand the process through observing evidences. They impact evidences, documents,tools, equipment, etc.

it should be c, women were allowed to vote in all states because federal law supersedes state law.

"states can make their own laws, as long as they don't contradict what the federal law states. the states do not have the authority to pass a law that negates a federal law." -google

answer; self-efficacy;