An experimenter wants to study the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She assigns participants as follows: Group One receives 50 milligrams of caffeine; Group Two receives 100 milligrams of caffeine; Group Three receives 200 milligrams of caffeine; Group Four receives no caffeine. Twenty minutes later, all participants complete the reaction-time test. In this experiment, what was the dependent variable?

a. Amount of caffeine
b. No caffeine
c. Reaction time
d. Assignment into one of four groups

Read the following: (1) liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a really beautiful woman moved in next door; (2) unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old juan immerses himself into his studies; (3) shauntel tells people that her coworker mary dislikes her; though if she were honest, shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes mary; (4) "ben's nasty; he's disgusting," says renee; but renee secretly finds ben attractive. describe the defense mechanism he or she is using.