What political tool emphasizes that the U. S. Constitution and acts of Congress, as well as U. S. treaties, must prevail over state constitutions and laws enacted by state legislatures?

Supremacy Clause.

Explanation:

Supremacy Clause is mentioned in the Article fourth, paragraph second and  specifies federal law prevail over state laws. It forbids states from intervening with the  constitutional powers by the central government, and from taking on any functions that are entrusted specifically to the federal government. This states that State laws are bound by the supreme law.

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.