What aspects of these Islamic empires made political succession so uncertain? What often happened when the ruler died?

Strong and effective central authority was essential to the Islamic empires, and Muslim political theorists never tired of emphasizing the importantance of rulers who were diligent, virtuous, and just. Weak negligent, and corrupt rulers would allow institutions to become dysfunctional and social order to break down. The Ottomans were fortunate in having a series of talented sultans for three centuries, and the Safavids and Mughals produced their share of effective rulers as well. After a ruler died, many people would fight for the power usually caused an uprising and disorde

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the technology changed agriculture in an impacting manner since many people left the field work by a cellular or other technological appliances

the answer to your question is,

old stone age.

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