Raphael, an adolescent, is impulsive and has a quick temper. He developed these behavioral problems as a child, and his parents did not attempt to change them. Consequently, he grew up with very low self-control. According to the continuity theory of crime, Raphael's behavior patterns are .

- Not likely to change irrespective of positive developments later in life.

Explanation:

As per the given description, Raphael's behavioral pattern is 'not likely to change irrespective of positive developments later in life' as he possesses this impulsive and short-tempered behavior since childhood which reflects the genetic predispositions. However, his behavior could have been modified by environmental factors but his parents did not pay attention to his hostile behavior. His low self-control added the icing on to the cake and led to his behavior remaining unchanged despite facing several developments in his later life as these traits are usually genetic which do not get influenced much by environmental factors if not considered at the right time.

answer; (b) ; /stronger bonds between the nations of africa