State and federal courts have developed a doctrine known as the , which recognizes that an informant's identity should not be disclosed during the trial for two basic reasons: disclosure may result in retaliation and harm to the informant, and confidentiality ensures a continued flow of information to the police.

Which of the following selections is least useful for supporting the claim that states intentionally built unequal school systems? question 1 options: the supreme court ruling in plessy v. ferguson (1896) wrote into law that america had two separate societies: one black and one white. it was very clear by the mid-1900s that southern states had expertly built separate educational systems. these schools, however, were never equal. states with laws keeping schools segregated never gave equal amounts of money to their black and white schools. ten years after brown, fewer than 10 percent of southern public schools had integrated. some areas did not comply at all.