A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression and the loss of a loved one. The individuals of interest are bereaved adults and nonbereaved adults. The variables in this study receive no manipulation, and depression is measured in both sets of adults. This is an example of .

A group comparison study

Explanation:

In group comparison study, an experiment compares two groups(the beareaved and nonbeareaved adults in the above study) such as in testing the effects of a treatment where a "comparison group" receives either an alternative treatment or no treatment so that it functions as a source of "counterfactual" causal inference for the purpose of the experiment.

- "sack of constantinople, (april 1204). the diversion of the fourth crusade from the holy land to attack, capture, and pillage the byzantine city of constantinople divided and dissipated the efforts of the christians to maintain the war against the muslims. the fourth crusade was corrupted from its purpose early on."

- "the crusades were a series of religious wars undertaken by the latin church. the first crusade arose after a call to arms in 1095 sermons by pope urban ii. the first crusade unleashed a wave of impassioned, pious catholic fury, which was of constantinople, the capital of the christian-controlled byzantine empire."

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fir trees are found in areas with cooler climates. fir trees have needles for leaves and remain green year-round.