Sam recalls the wonderful football team of his university days and the great season the team had in his senior year. In fact, the record was only mediocre. Sam's memory of it as more successful than it actually was is probably due to:

Bias

Explanation:

Bias is a psychological way of making preferential judgement in a manner that is unfair. It is a clouded judgement based on assumptions, favouritism or irrational beliefs.

bias

Explanation: Bias is the inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection. It is an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand often without knowledge of the facts. As a preconceived opinion or feeling, it can be positive or negative. Sam's memory of his football's team glory days as more successful than it actually was is probably due to bias, this is because he favors one side or issue over another and does not give an equal chance to another opinion concerning his team.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

your answer is "graduates" hope this