A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of .
a. learned helplessness
b. avoidance learning
c. aversive conditioning
d. vicarious learning

Explain why the judicial branch is considered the weakest branch. explain what might happen if the judicial branch could not separate itself from the other two branches. explain how a strong judiciary branch would maintain limited government and individual rights. explain why a law that contradicts the constitution must be ruled invalid. explain why the legislature may not determine if its laws are unconstitutional. hamilton argues that the judicial branch is not above the legislative branch. explain his reasoning. how is the problem solved when two laws passed by the same legislature contradict each other? explain why hamilton believes it is pointless to argue the power of judicial review will enable judges to rule in ways that serve their own interests. explain how life tenure is necessary for the judicial branch to be able to protect individual rights against a majority. explain how everyone benefits when the rights of individuals or groups are protected. explain how limited terms of office might discourage the best-qualified people.

What statement shows that the agreement between the fictional nations of ziberia and deerkey is a free trade agreement?

How does sociology account for the cause of drug and alcohol addiction?