According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people are unable to experience higher needs until the needs below them have been met. Considering this statement, if someone is unable to experience belongingness and love needs, what needs have not been met?

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?