Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain ___. These perspectives include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of needs, and drive reduction.

Motivation.

Explanation:

Motivation can be simply be explained or defined as what gives someone or Individuals the need or the reason to act in one way or the other. It is some kind of drive that pushes someone to behave or act in a particular manner. Although, in motivation there are more than four perspectives or theories to explain it but the majors perspectives are four and they are; arousal theory( where people act Influence their degree of arousal), instinct theory( where people acts based on their instincts), hierarchy of motives and drive- reduction theory(where people acts in order to reduce tension).

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

no because it could make the world a terrible place to live in.