According to Chapter 5, in the jurisdictions that use the , a person can use force to defend a 3rd party only to the degree that the 3rd party could have acted on his or her own behalf.

Alter ego rule

Explanation:

In a situation where a defendant has used deadly force to defend another person, the Alter Ego Rule requires that the defendant stand in the shoes of the person who was being defended to determine if using deadly force for defense was appropriate. It helps to put the third party in the show of the defendant and assume that he would have done likewise considering how the situation is.

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c. economic output