Which of the following will be most likely to dampen the expansionary effects of an increase in government spending financed by borrowing?

a. The additional borrowing will cause the central bank to buy more bonds, which will reduce aggregate demand.
b. The increase in demand for loanable funds as the result of borrowing will cause interest rates to rise and private investment to fall.
c. The increase in government spending will cause the money supply to expand, thereby causing an inflationary boom.
d. The budget deficit will cause business decision makers to become more optimistic.