Zane has been shocked on six separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn’t seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane’s only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was child. Zane’s pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of:

a. signal relations.
b. negative avoidance.
c. superstitious responding.
d. preparedness.

d. preparedness.

Explanation:

Preparedness entails one having or developing a fear of things that may pose a threat to his survival, such as heights, spiders, and snakes.

It bothers majorly on the act of. having a strong level of fear over. dangerous things sick as height, snakes and other dangerous things that pose as a threat to his survival.

Zane have a preparedness phobia hence the fear of spider which poses as a threat to his survival.

She is not overly bothered about the toast shocking her because she has somr control over that situation, unlike the case of a spider or snake creeping into her space.

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