Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a task.

Recall/ Recognition

Explanation:

Recall involves trying to retrieve some information about something through past experience with it and it involves no signal.

Recognition also involves trying to retrieve some information but a signal is always present. In this case the signal present are the possible assailants which are lined up for the individual to select the one that best fits the description he remembers.

this is a pretty broad question and can be a pretty lengthy answer. since 1900, women have gained a lot more rights and have become active in the workforce. with women being in the workforce, men play a larger role in family life. many family tasks are shared between men and women, whereas, women used to be the sole family caretakers.

that should get you started at least.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.