Jacob's friend tom asks him do you think i'm short-tempered jacob had never really thought about how shert tempered or calm tom was until he asked nonetheless jacob was able to provide him a quick answer the social cognitive process most likely involved in this judgement was

Availability heuristic

Explanation:

Availability heuristic can also be referred to as availability bias. It is a cognitive process of making quick decision or judgment about certain things or situations based on easily perceived examples or scenarios associated with such situation. Availability heuristic derived decisions are often quick but incorrect since it makes use of inference from easily available reference that comes to mind at that particular time.

From the question, Jacob quick response was based on how he perceived Tom at that given instance. This response could be incorrect because jacob had never really thought about how short tempered or calm tom was until he asked. This cognitive process is most likely Availability heuristic

the fourth amendment protects:

"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."  

so this would mean the denial to search and seizure without warrant or permission.