In the Middle Ages, people accused of being witches were often tested by being dunked in a river or pond. If they floated to the surface, they were condemned as witches. If they sank and drowned, they were posthumously acquitted. This test obviously lacks:.A) reliability. B) norms. C) validity. D) bias.

Validity

Explanation:

Validity is the statistical term. It was formulated by Kelly. He told that the test will be valid when it measures what it claims to be measured.

For example, a test of personality will measure personality. A test in intelligence will measure the intelligence of a person rather than a personality. There is a distance between the external validity and internal validity. Different types of validity measure the test.

swahili is an extremely rich and complex civilization, a set of ethnic groups articulated by a language and a series of cultural elements that fuse the african traditions, islam and indian culture. this growth was largely a result of the indian ocean trading network that brought in not just man-made riches, but also religious ideas, specifically islam, which had a significant impact on the local culture. furthermore, the development of the swahili language gave a common cultural unity to the people.