The word "positive" in "positive reinforcement" and "positive punishment" means that: a) when the response occurs, something aversive always happens. b) when the response occurs, something appetitive always happens. c) the response results in an increase in the probability of an aversive or an appetitive event. d) when the response occurs, something aversive never happens.

c) the response results in an increase in the probability of an aversive or an appetitive event

Explanation:The word "positive" in "positive reinforcement" and "positive punishment" means that the response results in an increase in the probability of an aversive or an appetitive event.

Positive in positive reinforcement is a price or reward attached to an occurrence to strengthen a future occurrence.

Positive punishment is focus of reducing an unwanted behavior through presenting an unfavorable outcome

local max is .5

step-by-step explanation:

the local maximum is for x values between 2 and 4

it looks like the x value is 2.5 and the y value is .5