At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D. C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of .
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. negative reinforcement
d. secondary learning

(B) Shaping

Explanation:

  Shaping is one of the technique that is used in the operand conditioning and the behavior shaping process in which we usually giving reward for accomplish the given task successfully.

 The shaping is also known as the procedure of the reinforcement behavior which involve the targeting behavior.

 According to the question, the given example is best illustrating the concept of shaping as polar bear is suffering from the tooth pain and veterinarian was easily able to treat the tooth problem while bear was waited for the reward.  

  Therefore, Shaping is the correct answer.

despite recent progress in bangladesh in the areas of poverty and human development indicators such as literacy and life expectancy, inequalities in income and consumption rates have increased, with 32% of the population living below the poverty line.

bangladesh is one of the world’s most densely populated countries; the size of illinois, bangladesh has a population of 156 million people, half the population of the united states. despite recent progress out of poverty and increasing human development indicators such as literacy and life expectancy, inequalities in income and consumption rates have increased (undp 2005). 32% of the population lives below the national poverty line, most of whom are women and children. the prevalence of child (under 5) malnutrition is 33%, one of the highest in the world.

the disproportionate poverty faced by women and girls comes as a result of discrimination and exclusion within bangladeshi society, struggling to establish their rights and influence in decision-making processes. traditional practices such as dowries, child marriages and the relegation of being last to eat have created a demeaning and dangerous sociopolitical context for girls and women. (world vision, 2014)