In a within-groups design, exposing participants to one level of the independent variable can change how they respond to the other levels of the independent variable. This problem is generally referred to as – effects, of which there are various types. One specific type is known as a – effect. This occurs when exposure to one level of the independent variable contaminates how other levels of the independent variable are perceived. Another type is a – effect, which occurs when participants change their responses based on repetition of the independent variable rather than on the influence of the variable itself. It is also possible that repeated exposure to the independent variable may cause participants to guess the hypothesis of the experiment, also known as –.

In writing about her findings in a brazilian shantytown, nancy scheper-hughes’s account of alto do cruzeiro provides a window into the terrible toll of nonconsensual organ harvesting among the poor, as well as how she herself changed over time. how might an anthropologist justify the publication of this ethnographic research when considering the problem of ethnographic authority? a. all of the poor must be given an equal voice, thus polyvocality is justification. b. anthropologists are themselves changed in fieldwork, and so honest reflexivity is justification. c. the horrific conditions made it impossible to ignore, and since she obtained informed consent, this is justification. d. authoritative writing asks us to consider what right we have to report, thus a moral challenge is justification.