In a classic experiment, Elizabeth Loftus asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled:

Misinformation effect

Explanation:

Misinformation effect is the concept in which episodic memory recollection becomes less precise due to post event information. Original event memory gets disturbed through post event memory tat leads to creation of incorrect memories or false memories.

According to question,misinformation effect is depicted as fictitious information created after car accident event is filmed.As smashing word is creating a information of glass breaking in accident whereas people who do not hear smashing has no such false scenario.

the first one is d and the second a

answer; negative punishment;