Xavier believes that African Americans are as intelligent as white Americans and therefore warmly invites them to join his chess club. His friend Reuben, however, believes that African Americans have weak cognitive abilities. However, to impress Xavier, Reuben conceals his beliefs and acts friendly and unbiased toward African Americans. In the context of Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, Xavier is a(n) , whereas Reuben is a(n) .