Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved .
a. omissions of information that was presented.
b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
c. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.
d. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was.

b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Explanation:

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.