According to the research presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, nicotine is implicated in psychological disorders because:

A. nicotine affects many of the same neurotransmitters and brain areas that are involved in mental disorders.
B. people with schizophrenia or depression tend to have abnormally high threshold levels for responding to nicotine.
C. nicotine is a toxic chemical that suppresses the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters that are necessary for normal mental functioning.
D. people with psychological disorders tend to absorb more nicotine from cigarettes than other people, making it easier for them to become addicted to nicotine.

Afull irb committee meeting is convened and one agenda item is a new research proposal to evaluate how mothers interact with their learning-disabled child. the inclusion criteria require the children to be a minimum of five years of age. the protocol requires the mother of the child to look at the child without any expression and not to talk to the child for three minutes. the committee determined that the mother's required task may upset the child. the irb approved the study with appropriate language in the parental permission form regarding the possibility that children might become upset. after the start of the study, the principal investigator reports to the irb that, as expected, one of the children became upset. the incident was handled according to the protocol and the child is fine. what should the irb do with regard to this report?

Open opinion / / / if a juvenile committed murder, should the juvenile be in prison for life or be free and seek instead? which and why?

African american men were illustrated as men who