Individuals often make incorrect attributions about cause and effect because
a. a large set of actions and interactions work according to random principles.
b. they are likely to make more intricate connections than are present in reality.
c. they've learned most reactions from modeling caregivers and peers.
d. their intuitive understanding of situations involves cognitive shortcuts.

D. their intuitive understanding of situations involves cognitive shortcuts.

Explanation: Cause and effect may be referred as a principle of attributing or formulating relationship or connection between events, whereby one presumes or believes that a certain event or action was caused by or due to the effect of another event. Indivuduals are usually subjected to the notion of cause and effect almost always in our everyday life, particularly as we try to create quick correlation between identical or simultaneous events. However, incorrect attribution are often made due to the fact that situation surrounding the occurrence of events are usually interpreted is usually not detailed, leaving individuals to rely on available information or shortcut which might be insufficient to give a correct interpretation.

answer; john stuart mill's principle of utility is your answer; /// good luck

explanation:

allergens: overstimulate the nerve system

neurotics: attack nerve cells

mutagens: damage or otherwise alter dna sequence

generators: cause defects during growth and development  

carcinogens: cause unchecked cell growth

i hope you get the idea according to me these are the effects that happened.