What distorts land areas to show some characteristic?

distance, direction, shape, and area

Explanation:

These are four basic characteristics of a map that are distorted to some degree, depending on the map projection used.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

are there actual statements because if not my answer would be: that using the five senses the author can create a sense of worth in an object to appeal to the reader and create meaning.