Why do you think the federal government had to include equal protection in the 14th amendment ?

U.S. Constitution

The Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause requires states to practice equal protection. Equal protection forces a state to govern impartially—not draw distinctions between individuals solely on differences that are irrelevant to a legitimate governmental objective.

answer; (b) ; /stronger bonds between the nations of africa

i would say b. research typically uses a variety of sources