Who controlled Spain while the Franks ruled much of Western Europe?

Bonus question: according to wikipedia, in chinese philosophy yin and yang "describes how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent." what are some examples from the story that amy tan may have intentionally incorporated elements of yin and yang philosophy into this story? select 2.

Historical vs today's presidents (compare)

In exchange for land, a knight agrees to be a sort of sub-vassal to a vassal. this agreement was known as: investiture homage tyranny subinfeudation