1. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 minutes, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 minutes. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. A. Identify the dependent and independent variables for this study.
B. What level of measurement is the dependent variable?
C. What is the operational definition of exercise in this study?
D. What is the research technique of the study?
2. Monty and colleagues (1987) examined classical conditioning between alcoholics versus non-alcoholics. Alcoholics salivated more than nonalcoholics to alcohol cues and more to alcohol than to the control beverage. Alcoholics salivated differentially to cues, whereas nonalcoholics did not. Is this an example of an experimental or nonexperimental study? Explain.
3. Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occurs in their daily lives is an example of which research technique?