Based on the assigned reading in NOBA, briefly describe 2 distinctions made between classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning and operant (or Instrumental) conditioning (HINT: Look for summary points at the end of the relevant section of the reading).

Answer and Explanation:

Even though I do not have access to what you have read, I will answer this question with the most common differences between the two types of conditioning. They were probably mentioned in your reading material.

Both classical and operant conditioning are processes that lead to learning. Even though they sound similar at first, there are two great differences we can mention:

1. Classical conditioning associates an involuntary response and a stimulus. On the other hand, operant conditioning associates a behavior with a consequence. Having a dog salivate at the sound of a bell is the result of classical conditioning. Having a person take out the trash to receive compliments is the result of operant conditioning.

2. Classical conditioning does not use reinforcements, while operant conditioning does. In operant conditioning, the learner can be rewarded or punished for the presented behavior, thus having the behavior either discouraged or reinforced. In classical conditioning, there is certainly an association with good or bad, but not as a reinforcement. The above-mentioned dog, for instance, will not be rewarded food simply because he salivated at the sound of the bell.

the answer is either c or d i think its d

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.