Social loafing is more likely to occur among individuals from collectivist cultures a) when a group norm of low effort has already been established. b) when tasks are difficult. c) in groups with a majority of female members. d) when task orientation is high.

a) when a group norm of low effort has already been established.

Explanation:

Social loafing is a concept that explains the tendency for individuals to exert less effort or input for the achievement of a goal when they are in a group than when working individually. This occurs because each individual in the group pool their efforts to achieve a collective goal rather than an individual achieving the goal on their own.

When a group norm of low effort has already been established, there is a likelihood for social loafing to occur since there is no need to exert effort to achieve a task. For example, social loafing can occur when a team member doesn't perform because they know that irrespective of their input, the task will be achieved, in most cases, they exert minimum efforts.

c. taught scientists many new things about the earth, but not other planets.

explanation:

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