Passage A: Hume argued that we have no rational basis for believing in miracles. But think about all the many miracles of modern medicine that have improved human health and dramatically extended the average lifespan during this century! Hume was simply wrong.

Passage B:
Most people will tell you that it is important for kids to go to school. But those people are wrong. The dictionary defines "kid" as denoting young goats. Surely, it is a bad idea to fill our schools with goats!

Passage C:
This newspaper headline says, "Earliest chocolate use has been found in what is now U. S." But that can't be true: The cacao plant isn't native to North America, whereas it has been grown and harvested in Central and South America for nearly 2,000 years. Surely, the earliest use of chocolate occurred somewhere south of what is now the U. S.

Passage D:
Minneapolis is north of St. Louis, and New Orleans is south of St. Louis. Therefore, New Orleans is south of Minneapolis.

Passage E:
Police officers in this city swear an oath to "serve and protect" its citizens. Obviously, to "serve and protect" does not involve undue force or physical assault. So, the allegations that these police officers physically assaulted the defendant must be false.

Passage A, B,C, D,E: commit a fallacy. Specifically, it commit the fallacy of equivocation, and it commit the fallacy of amphiboly.

fir trees are found in areas with cooler climates. fir trees have needles for leaves and remain green year-round.

the secretary of state, appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate, is the president's chief foreign affairs adviser. the secretary carries out the president's foreign policies through the state department and the foreign service of the united states.

marginal cost is a microeconomic measure that us to evaluate the extent to which the level of production of a good is sustainable in accounting, that is, to how many quantities the company plans to profit from the production of the good.

the concept of marginal cost is simple, it means the cost of producing one more item. for example, in the case of pies, the marginal cost is the cost of producing one more pie than those that have already been produced.

it is important to understand that productive activity influences marginal cost. the marginal cost of some goods can be very high, while others may be insignificant. for example, the marginal cost of producing an extra plane is very high. already the marginal cost of a water company to provide 1l more water is derisory.

in the case of pies, the cost involves the inputs, the labor and the fixed cost, which involves the fixed space of the bakery. the level of production initially has the marginal cost decreasing because there is space and manpower available. however, to produce more you have to hire more workers and buy more inputs. if physical space is limited, workers will conflict with places, inputs and their productivity will decrease, meaning there is an optimum point of production for each level of space and manpower. from this point on, the productivity of the workers will be getting smaller because of lack of space, so that the marginal cost of producing one more pie will be increasing. so, although you have not posted the chart, but if you have the answer, you can see that my explanation goes according to the marginal cost curve that will increase from the 4th pie, answer (c).

well this isn't a question but if you are asking if it is true or false it is, true.