From the following list, who did not influence the field of sociology during its early years?
a.
karl marx
c.
john lofland
b.
herbert spencer
d.
max weber

The correct answer is C, John Lofland didn't influence the field of sociology during its early years.

The concept of sociology was created in the 1800s. In Germany, Von Stein (1815-1890), introduced the concept of sociology as a science by incorporating into his study what he called "social movements" and the Hegelian dialectic. In this way he managed to give the discipline a dynamic vision.

Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution," and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did." As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of topics, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics. , political theory, philosophy, literature, astronomy, biology, sociology and psychology. During his life he achieved tremendous authority, especially in the English-speaking academic world.

Karl Marx is another scientist who has had a profound influence on nineteenth-century social thought and criticism. It was mainly in Germany where he developed a major theory of sociology, subsequently influencing, among others, the Frankfurt School.

Max Weber took a different path: he used political science, political economy, the philosophy of culture and law, religious studies that are, according to him, everything like sociology, the "sciences of culture". According to a whole tradition of German philosophy, these sciences are different from the natural sciences since they have their own method. They propose an understanding of collective phenomena rather than the search for laws (it is the comprehensive method).

John Lofland also made great contributions to the field of sociology, especially with his studies about pacifist movements. But he did not contribute to sociology in its early years, since it emerged in the 1800s and John Lofland was born in 1936, that is, he was not contemporary with the initial development of sociology.

permafrost layer, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.

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