Need help with 1 and 2

Which of the following statements describes the nature of "stigma" as it relates to welfare? a) society values individual characteristics such as self-reliance and a willingness to work hard, welfare recipients are seen as dependent and lazy. b) social welfare hs been polarized as a "moral category", and its related policy includes treating the poor in a dignified manner, as to highlight the responsible nature of the welfare recipents. c) the norm of reciprocity explains the societal obligation to make some return for the things received, welfare recipents are stigmatized because they are able to be seen as making appropiate contributions for the benefits they incur. d) the capitalistic nature of u.s. society stresses that those who work hard and have the ability will be rewarded with success, welfare recipients are equal to those who do not receive welfare because both groups of people deserve the benefits of success.

Who built the first turnpikes in the united states? a) the national government b) state governments c) private companies d) town councils

Of the following choices, which ones are characteristics of west african society? select all that apply. a. arabic was the main language used when trading with other societies. b. christianity was the only religion practiced in villages. c. slaves had no rights and were only given specific farming tasks. d. skilled workers were a higher level in the caste system than traders. e. religious rituals encouraged the honoring of ancestors.