What organisms are usually the pioneer species in anew area? How do these organisms prepare the area for other species

The first organisms to appear in areas of primary succession are often mosses or lichens. These organisms are known as pioneer species because they are the first species present; pioneer species must be hardy and strong, just like human pioneers.

d is the correct answer.

b is incorrect because it makes food by itself

c is incorrect because us humans don't know how to produce their own food using the sun like plants.

a is incorrect because consumers can depend on carnivores for eating food for consumers to eat the dead organism. same thing with omnivores.

jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium just like a star. spectral analysis of jupiter has revealed that in addition to hydrogen and helium, the planet is made of water, methane and ammonia. those elements are in trace amounts. the core of the planet is thought to contain some rock and metallic hydrogen. i hope this will give you the answer to your question! : d