Many African nations have European officials language due to past

Establishment of colonies.

Explanation:

During the colonization, European countries forced the locals to learn their language. The European countries believed that it will be easier for them to control and coerce the locals if they understand their language.  (some European countries such as Spain even force the locals to abandon their religion to adopt Christianity on top of the language)

The colonization's in Africa occurred for almost 100 years. So, several African generations were born and required to learn European language since early age. As a result, many of the countries still use European official language even after the colonization was done.

new communications technology has affected the way social movements are organized because nowadays, social movements rely on social networks and the media to get different people with a similar way of thinking in contact, and thus, get them to mobilize for a greater cause.

individuals only participate in collective action when they feel identified with it. is in this aspect that social media becomes relevant, because it guarantees communication among all individuals and organizes the social actions that are going to be carried out, i.e., the social movements.

in addition, being covered by the media is important to validate the message and make it relevant in the social agenda, as well as to reach more people who can share interests, appealing to public sympathy for their cause.

in conclusion, it is by social networks and social media that social movement is given birth; by connecting different individuals with similar ideas and organizing them to mobilize for a greater cause.