Describe the biological tradition and the psychological tradition, include a discussion of psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, and the behavioral model

Answer and Explanation:

The psychological disorder consists of three components:

1.Psychological dysfunction

  Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning            

2.Personal distress

         Being extremely upset (caution – sometimes it is normal to be extremely upset)

3.Atypical or not culturally expected behavior

         Social norms and their possible misuse

The Biological Tradition

•Hippocrates: Mental illness caused by brain pathology, head trauma, heredity

•Galen: Humeral theory of disorders (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)

•Pasteur’s germ theory of disease: Mental illness can be caused by a bacterial infection (syphilis)

•John P. Grey: Insanity is always due to physical causes, and patients who have a mental illness should be treated as physically ill.

•Focus on diagnosis: Search for biological causes and classification

•Therapy: Undiscovered psychopathology – reduced interest in treating patients

•Insulin shock therapy: Electroconvulsive therapy

ECT and Chemical drugs

The Psychological Tradition

•Mesmerism – ancestor of hypnosis, using unconscious processes in therapy

•Catharsis – rapid and sudden release of emotional tension

•Structure of the mind (id, ego, superego)

•Defense mechanisms (coping styles in response to particular situations, e.g., displacement, denial, projection, rationalization, sublimation)

•Humanistic Theory

          Self-actualizing – we need the freedom to grow in order to reach           our highest potential

     Maslow (hierarchy of needs)-Person-centered therapy (Rogers) – unconditional positive regard and empathy

•Behaviorist Theory

       Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

       Little Albert (Watson)

       Systematic desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)

       Behavior therapy (conditioning and reward)              

answer is b.shrapnel

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.